Topic 1: Nouns
1. Basic framework of noun grammar
2. Discrimination of noun context
3. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of nouns
4. Fill in the blanks with noun phrases
5. Use of nouns in sentences
6. Fill in the blanks in the title section
one
Basic framework of noun grammar
Number of nouns
1. The plural form of regular nouns: the plural form of nouns, usually adding - s or - es after the singular form. The composition method and pronunciation rules are listed as follows:
rule
illustrative word
one
In general, add - s at the end of the word
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
two
Add - es to nouns ending in s, x, ch, sh
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
three
Words ending in - f or - fe
Change - f and - fe to v and then add - es
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,
wife-wives, half-halves
Plus - s
chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs
four
Nouns ending with the consonant letter y, change y to i plus es
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
five
Nouns ending in a vowel plus y, or proper nouns ending in y, plus - s
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
six
Nouns ending with a consonant plus - o
Generally add - es
Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
Many loanwords plus - s
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
Either
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
seven
Nouns ending in vowel plus - o plus - s
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
eight
Nouns ending in - th plus - s
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
2. Irregular plural nouns: The plural forms of some nouns in English are irregular, which are summarized as follows:
rule
illustrative word
one
Change vowels or other forms in nouns
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
two
Single and plural numbers are the same
sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan
three
Only plural
trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,
four
Some collective nouns are always used in the plural
people, police
five
Some collective nouns can be singular (whole) or plural (member)
class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party
six
The plural form indicates special meaning
Customs, times, spirits, drinks, sands, papers, looks, brains, greens
seven
It means "someone from a certain country"
Plus - s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
Simplex and plural isomorphism
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
Those ending in - man or - woman are changed to - men, - women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
eight
Compound noun
Change the subject noun into the plural
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
Change the last part into plural when there is no subject noun
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
To make two parts plural
women singers, men servants
Possessive case of noun
The grammatical form in which nouns express all relations in a sentence is called possessive case. There are two kinds of possessive cases: one is formed by adding's to the end of the noun, and the other is formed by adding the preposition of to the noun. The former mostly refers to living things, while the latter mostly refers to inanimate things.
1. Composition of the possessive case:
Add's at the end of singular nouns
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
Plural noun
Generally add "at the end
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
Irregular plural nouns followed by's
the children’s toys, women’s rights,
Name ending with s All the words's' or '
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
When representing all relationships,'s must be added at the end of each noun
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
Add's at the end of the last word when indicating the common ownership relationship
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
It means "someone else" and "shop", and the noun after the possessive case is omitted
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
2. Usage of the possessive case of's:
１
Indicate time
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
two
Represent natural phenomenon
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
three
Nouns denoting national cities and other places
the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry
four
Indicate the working group
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
five
Represent measurement and value
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
six
Nouns having special relationship with human activities
the life’s time, the play’s plot
seven
Certain fixed phrases
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw
3. Usage of the possessive case: used for inanimate things: the legs of the chair, the cover of the book used for living things, especially when there is a long attribute: the classrooms of the first year students used for nominalized words: the struggle of the oppressed
Judgment of singular and plural nouns
1. How to determine whether it is countable noun or uncountable noun
① Countable nouns have singular and plural forms, such as desk, desks;
② Countable nouns can be preceded by cardinal numbers and indefinite articles
(a/an), many modifications, such as three boys, an apple, many students.
2. How to determine uncountable nouns
① Uncountable nouns have no plural form, such as tea, meat;
② An uncountable noun. If it means quantity, you can add an uncountable noun with a quantifier, such as a piece of paper, two cups of tea.
3. Common noun modifiers
① Modifiers that only modify countable nouns
Few few
A how many
How many seals
Many
A couple of two
A number of
A great/large number of many
② Modifiers that only modify uncountable nouns
Little
A little
Many
A good/create deal of many
A bit of
A large amount of
③ Modifiers that can modify both countable and uncountable nouns
Some
A lot of
Lots of
Plenty of
Enough
Most
Hardly any
The rest of
Noun expansion
1.voice, noise, sound
Voice refers to a person's voice or singing voice, and refers to a person's "voice"; Noise is "noisy, noisy", which means unpleasant sounds; Sound refers to any sound in nature.
2. Work and job
Work is an uncountable noun, which refers to work that requires physical and mental effort; Job is a countable noun, which mostly refers to "odd jobs" or "casual jobs".
For example: a part-time job; Out of work
3.family, home, house
Family emphasizes the whole. When it refers to "family", the predicate verb is singular; When emphasizing individuals and referring to "family members", the predicate verb is plural; Not used to refer to housing. Home emphasizes the concept of home, which refers to the place where people live, and also refers to the country or city where they were born; House means "house, residence", focusing on the house itself.
Example: My family is a big family. (Emphasis on the whole)
All my family were watching TV when Tom camera in
When Tom came in, my family were watching TV.
Tom considers Beijing to be his second home.
Tom regards Beijing as his second hometown.
I bought a house with a big garden two years ago.
I bought a house with a big garden two years ago.
4. place, room and space
Place means "place, place" and is a countable noun, referring to a specific place. Room is a countable noun in the sense of "room"; Speaking as "space", it is an uncountable noun, referring to the space used by something, someone or an activity. Space, which represents the existence of everything, is a relative concept to time.
two
Discrimination of noun context
1.Ms. Liu gave us some useful _____ on how to prepare for the exam. They really helped me a lot.
A. advantages B. expressions
C. suggestions D. experiences
[Answer] C
[Analysis] Examine the meaning of nouns. Miss Liu gave us some useful lessons about how to prepare for the exam. They really helped me a lot. Advantages; Expressions; Suggestions; Experiences. This refers to useful suggestions, so C is selected.
2.Many high school students want to go abroad for further _____.
A. surprise B. achievement
C. education D. satisfaction
[Answer] C
[Analysis] Examine the meaning of nouns. Many high school students want to go abroad to accept further ____. Surprise; Achievement; Education; Satisfied with satisfaction. This means going abroad for further study. So select C.
3.Peter didn’t tell his parents that he would go home because he wanted to give them a _____.
A. note B. surprise C. call D. gift
[Answer] B
[Analysis] Examine the meaning of nouns. Peter didn't tell his parents that he was going home because he wanted to give them a ____. Note note; Surprise; Call telephone; Gift gift. Give sb. a surprise. According to the context, this refers to "a surprise for parents". So select B
4.In the center of the square stands a statue which is the _____ of our school.
A. light B. book C. symbol D. star
[Answer] C
[Analysis] Examine the meaning of nouns. In the middle of the square is a statue of our school. Light light; Book; Symbol; Star star, star. The statue should be a sign of the school. So C.
5.Bill will be a(n) _____ to interview the football players in the coming Tokyo Olympics in 2020.
A. doctor B. reporter C. tourist D. engineer
[Answer] B
[Analysis] Examine the meaning of nouns. Bill will interview football players as a ____ at the upcoming 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. Doctor; Reporter; Tourist; Engineer. Interviews are usually done by journalists, so B is chosen.
Conclusion: Noun context discrimination: Noun meaning discrimination is a must. Among them, single choice and gestalt are compulsory, with one single choice and 1-2 gestalt tests each year.
1. For the discrimination of noun context, candidates should consider the following aspects:
(1) Analyzing context and logical relationship;
(2) Grasp the meaning of the four options;
(3) Filter, exclude or substitute the options into the question stem;
(4) Determine the final answer. In addition, the meaning of the blank space can also be inferred by combining life experience and knowledge accumulation.
1.I want to borrow some books. Would you like to go to the ___ with me?
A. cinema B. library C. park D. station
Methods Step ①: According to the four options, cinema, library, park, and station, we can know that they are related to place nouns; Step ②: According to the "borrow some books" in the previous sentence, we can know that it is related to books. Lock the answer of "library". So the correct answer is B.
This proposition mainly involves the examination of occupational, abstract, time, plant, animal, place and body part nouns
Common nouns of the same kind are listed as follows
1) Occupation and address category
Artist
Dancer
Doctor
Driver
Father
Husband
Mother
Nurse
Player
Scientist
Singer
Student
Teacher
Wife
Ms. woman
Worker
Writer
(2) Abstract class
Chance
Character character
Color
Date
Decision
Dream
Experience
Height
Hope
Interest
Kindness friendly
Life
Meaning
Mind thought
Price
Question
Secret
Sense
Shape
Style
Thought idea
Time
Truth
Way
(3) Time class
Afternoon
Century
Day
Hour
Month
Minute
Morning morning
Night
Season
Second
Today
Week week
Weekend
Year
Yesterday
(4) Botanical
BambooBamboo
Bean bean
Corn
Flower
Grass grass
Leaf
Plant
Rose rose
Tree tree
5) Fauna
Animal
Bear
Bird
Cat cat
Cow
Deer
Dog
Monkey
Snake
(6) Places
Airport
Bank
Bookshop
Cinema Cinema
Classroom
College
Home
Lab laboratory
Street street
(7) Body parts
Arm
Body
Ear
Eye
Face face
Finger
Foot foot
Hand hand
Head head
Leg
Mouth mouth
Neck
Nose
Shoulder
Tooth
(8) Language learning
Conversation conversation
Discussion
Lesson
Letter letter
Mark score
Note notes
Part
Rule rule
Word word
(9) Catering
Banana
Beef
Biscuit
Candy
Carrot
Coffee
Egg egg
Dumpling Dumplings
Sugar
(10) Emotional
Anger
Danger
Fear
Joy
Pity
Pleasure
Pride
Trouble
An Analysis of the Noun Context and Singular and Plural Numbers
The examination frequency of noun context and singular plural mixed discrimination is low. The options include both singular nouns and plural nouns, which is difficult for examinees. Therefore, examinees can prepare for the examination from the following four aspects:
(1) Judge the singular and plural according to the modifier before the empty sentence.
① When the indefinite article a/an is modified or the definite article the is modified, the singular noun can be used;
② When there are unprecedented quantifier modifications to express the concept of plural, such as indefinite pronouns and some fixed phrases (many, some, a foot, foot, a number of, several), numerals (except one), etc., it can be determined that the plural form of nouns should be used in the space, through which 1-2 options can be excluded;
③ When there are unprecedented words such as much, a little, little, etc., you can be sure to use uncountable nouns in the space;
④ When there are unprecedented words such as a lot of and some, countable nouns and uncountable nouns in the space are possible.
(2) Judge according to the context and the singular and plural forms of verbs after the space.
① When the copula is are or were, the noun is plural; When the copula is is or was, the noun is a countable noun singular or uncountable noun;
② When the verb is in the original form, the noun is in the plural; When the verb is the singular form of the third person, the noun is uncountable noun or the singular form of countable noun.
(3) According to common sense of life, some nouns often appear in the plural, such as trousers pants, glasses glasses, clothes, scissors, chopsticks, etc.
(4) Judge according to some specific sentence structures. For example, "one of+the+plural countable nouns" means "is one of".
three
Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given noun
Word formation of nouns
1.n.+-ist
piano→pianist science→scientist
violin→violinist
art→artist
2.n.+-ian
music→musician
3.n.+er
farm→farmer work→worker
4. End of v+ment
achieve---achievement
advertise--- advertisement// advertising
agree— (in )agreement
argue---argument
develop---development
disgree—disagreement
5. End of V+tion
Attract attraction
Include - conclusion
Compete - competition
Discussions - discussion
educate-----education
decide----decision
Expression -- expression words; Expression
Graduate
Operation
organize----organization
invent—inventor / invention
invite—invitation
Pollution
pronounce ---pronunciation
Permit permission
Suggestion suggestion
6. End of V+ance
Appearance appearance
Performance
7. End of V+ing
Bath
End --- ending
Train training
Mean ---- meaning
Saying
8. V+Others
Behave
Know -- knowledge
Fly -- flight
Heat -- heat
Press, press - pressure
Sit seat
succeed-- success
Tour
Middle School Exam Practice
1. A seat belt can help protect passengers in many car _________. (accident)
[Answer] accidents
Safety belts can help protect passengers in many car accidents. Accident is a countable noun with many modifier before it. Therefore, fill in accidents.
2.About 1,200 _______who were born in Jiangsu attended the first Jiangsu Development Summit in Nanjing. (guest)
[Answer] guests
About 1200 guests born in Jiangsu attended the first Jiangsu Development Summit in Nanjing. You can use the plural form of nouns according to 1200. Therefore, fill in guests.
3.Many ______ have set good examples for us to follow. (hero)
[Answer] heroes
Many heroes have set good examples for us to follow. Many, followed by the plural form of nouns. The plural form of hero is "heroes". Therefore, fill in heroes.
4.The _____ faces were a sight, covered with dust. (boy)
[Answer] boys'
[Analysis] Sentence meaning: The children's faces are a landscape full of dust. According to the noun faces after the space, we can fill in the possessive case here. Because face is a complex number, boy should also use a complex number. Therefore, fill in 'boys'.
5.I don’t like soap operas because I think they are ____________. (meaning)
[Answer] mean less
I don't like soap operas because I think they are ____. Meaning means "meaning". According to the meaning of the sentence, soap operas have no meaning. Therefore, fill in "meaningless".
6.March 8th is _________ Day. (woman)
[Answer] Women's
[Analysis] Sentence meaning: March 8 is Women's Day. Women's Day means "Women's Day", which is in the plural possessive case of woman. The festival should be a proper noun, and the initial should be capitalized. Therefore, fill in Women's.
7.There are some _______ and pens on Wang Jun’s desk. (knife)
[Answer] knives
There are several knives and pens on Wang Jun's desk. According to the unprecedented some, it is necessary to fill in the plural or uncountable nouns here. Therefore, fill in knives.
8.Drivers should drive more slowly on ______ days. (rain)
[Answer] rainy
The driver should drive more slowly in rainy days. According to the days after the blank, the adjective should be filled in the blank, so fill in rain.
9. The skirt is very _________, and Lucy really likes it.（beauty）
[Answer] Beautiful
This skirt is very beautiful. Lucy really likes it. By analyzing the sentence components, we can see that adjectives are needed here as predicative words, so we can fill in beautiful.
10. I think _________ are really popular with many people in our hometown. (potato)
[Answer] potatoes
I think potatoes are really popular in our hometown. Since the empty verb is "are", the subject should be in the plural form of a noun. Therefore, fill in potatoes.
11.In the ___________ Chinese calendar, each year is given a name of 12 kinds of animals. （tradition）
[Answer] traditional
In the Chinese calendar, each year is named as one of the twelve zodiac signs. Analysis of the sentence shows that adjectives are needed here to modify the noun phrase Chinese calendar. Therefore, fill in traditional.
12.It is said that a ________ bridge will be built over the river in the mountain village soon. （wood）
[Answer] wooden
It is said that this mountain village will soon build a bridge over the river. Empty space needs adjectives to modify the noun bridge. Therefore, fill in wooden.
13.My classmates like Wang Tao very much because he is __________. (humor)
[Answer] humorous
My classmates like Wang Tao very much because of his humor. According to the unprecedented prompt of is, adjectives are used here. Therefore, fill humorous.
14.His dream to be an ______ has come true and he sets a good example for us.（art）
[Answer] artist
His dream of becoming a ____ has come true and set a good example for us. According to the meaning of the sentence and the clue words given, it means to become an "artist" here. Therefore, fill in artist.
15 She often provides food and clothes for the __________ children. （home）
[Answer] homeless
She often provides food and clothes for children. It can be seen from the meaning of the sentence that this refers to "homeless children" and should be filled with adjectives. Therefore, fill in homeless.
16.After two _____ holiday, we came back to work full of energy.（day）
[Answer] days'
After two holidays, we come back to work full of energy. Here we need an attribute to modify the noun "holiday", so we use the possessive form of the noun. Because of the previous two words, we can see that the possessive case of plural nouns is used, so we fill in "days".
17.Don’t leave the water running when you brush your ______. （tooth）
[Answer] teeth
Don't let the water flow when you brush your teeth. Teeth usually appear in the plural, so it is necessary to fill in the plural of tooth.
18.Hanzhong is in the _________ part of Shaanxi province. (south)
[Answer] Southern
Hanzhong is in the south of Shaanxi Province. Part is a noun and needs adjective modification. Therefore, fill in southern.
19. On _________ Day, I bought a red scarf for my mother and she was glad to get it.(mother)
[Answer] Mother's
On Mother's Day, I bought my mother a red scarf. She was very happy to have it. Mother's Day is a fixed expression. So fill in Mother's.
20.The railway system __________ depended on the plan used in other countries. (success)
[Answer] Successful
This railway system is based on the successful plans used by other countries. Analyzing the sentence structure, we can see that the adjective successful is needed to modify the plan here, so we need to change the noun success into the adjective successful. Therefore, fill in successful.
four
noun phrase
Conclusion: Noun phrases are the necessary test points for phrase translation, and candidates must accumulate more relevant words in their daily learning. There are two forms of noun phrases, noun+noun and adjective+noun.
1. Nouns are used as attributives to modify nouns. The former noun is usually singular or uncountable, such as tea art.
However, there are exceptions where plural nouns are used as attributes, such as sports meeting, students reading room. Note that when man, woman, gentleman, etc. are used as attributes, their singular and plural numbers are determined by the singular and plural numbers of the noun they modify, such as a man worker, women scientists.
Common noun+noun phrase:
Country music
Basketball club
Animal world
Family member
Table Manners
Tea art
Soccer/football dream
Junk food
After sales service
Train/railway station
Wednesday morning
City library
Book lover
Family member
Basketball player
Pencil box
Phone number
Clothes store
Host family
Common adjectives+noun phrases:
Chinese chess
Long history
Green city
Red sweater
Top student
Traditional culture
White clouds
Comfortable home
Big deal
Natural environment
Social problem
Good grades
High speed
Daily life
Middle School Exam Practice
1.We are going to a _________________ to buy some snacks on Saturday. (Department Store)
[Answer] Department store
We are going to the department store to buy some snacks on Saturday. Department stores can be translated as department stores. It is preceded by a, so the singular department store is used.
2.Though Alex is an American, he likes _____________ very much. (Chinese food)
[Answer] Chinese food
Although Alex is an American, he likes Chinese food very much. Chinese food.
3._____________ is one of the most important things for students all the time. (School safety)
[Answer] School safety
"School safety" has always been one of the most important things for students. School safety means "school safety". The first letter of the sentence should be capitalized. Therefore, fill in School safety.
4.Don’t play _______________ all the time. Pay attention to your study. (Computer games)
[Answer] Computer games
Don't play games all the time. Pay attention to your studies. Computer games.
5.In the ____________ last year, all the members got along well with each other. (Summer Camp)
[Answer] Summer camp
In the summer camp last year, all the members got along well. Summer camp.
6.This documentary helps us know more about the __________ in America. (School life)
[Answer] School life
This documentary helped us learn more about school life in the United States. School life.
7.These _______________ are not that difficult. I can work them out. (Physics question)
[Answer] physics problems
These physical problems are not so difficult. I can do it. Physics problem, and then according to these, you can fill in the plural form. Therefore, fill in physics problems.
8.The Tang Dynasty is the golden age of Chinese _____________. (Ancient Poems)
[Answer] poems
[Analysis] The sentence means that the Tang Dynasty is the golden age of Chinese ancient poetry. Ancient poems can be translated into an ancient poem. There is more than one ancient poem, so the plural is used.
9.Because of the __________， Jim was late for the meeting. (Rainstorm)
[Answer] heavy rain
Jim was late for the meeting because of the rainstorm. Heavy rain.
10.The _____________ Tom in our school has been here for three years. (Foreign teacher)
[Answer] foreign teacher
Tom, the foreign teacher of our school, has been here for three years. Foreign teacher.
five
The use of nouns in sentences
1、 Complete the sentence
1. In order to improve my writing ability, I keep a diary.
In order to improve my writing , I stick to a diary.
2. Children, please take a deep breath and relax yourself.
Please take a deep and relax , kids.
3. Don't be afraid of making mistakes.
Don’t be afraid of .
Here are some suggestions on how to master computer skills.
Here are some on how to the computer skills.
5. There are many kinds of fruits in the shop.
There are many of in the
6. Rhubarb and his friends bought two knives, two mice and three potatoes yesterday.
Mr Huang bought two two and three
7. This is the room Lucy and Lily share.
The room is .
[Answer] 1 ability writing 2 breath yourselves 3. making mistakes 4.suggestions, mater5.kinds fruit
6. knives,mice, potatoes 7. Lucy and lily’s
six
Fill in the blanks in the famous words section
The Whites are 1 ( German), they come from 2 ( Germany) They keep many pets such as 3 ( Mouse), 4 ( Goose), 5 ( Sheep), 6 （ Deer.) They like having some 7 （ Soil Beans) , eight Tomatoes and some 9 （ Vegetable) for lunch After lunch they often drink some 10 （ orange）. They like eleven （orange）very much. Most of their clothes are 12 ( orange). Last week they had a thirteen Holiday They made a 14 ( Decision) to go to China to meet 15 ( A friend of theirs) Tom when they got to 16 ( Tom's home) They met several 17 ( Women), 18 ( Children) and two 19 ( Male doctor) One of the doctors was Tom. His main 20 ( Work) is to help 21 ( Keep healthy When he heard Mr. White’s twenty-two He felt very happy Then he gave Mr. White a 23 ( Suggestion) to stay in China to help the people Because he had a wonderful 24 ( Here Tom regards Ningxia as his second 25 ( Because he has been here for over twenty years
Answer
1.Germans 2.Germany 3.mice
4. geese 5.sheep 6.deer
7.potatoes 8.tomatoes 9.vegetables
10.orange 11.orange12.orange
13. three-day 14.decision
15.a friend of theirs 16.Tom’s home
17.women 18.children
19.men doctors 20.voice
21.the poor22.suggestion
23.experience 24.home
